Rembrandt van Rijn (06.15.1606 – 10.1669) – the great Dutch painter and engraver, the son of a miller Garmen Gerritsen and Nelte Villemsdohter van Rijn was born in Leiden. During the appearance of Rembrandt on in the world of his father were in a flourishing position that allowed him to give his fourth son, a more thorough education than that which received the old days the sons, who became craftsmen. Rembrandt entered the Latin school, in order to subsequently move to Leiden University. But schoolwork is not satisfied by Rembrandt, he studied poorly, and eventually Garmen van Rijn had to yield to the request of his son to become a painter. The first teacher to whom his father gave Rembrandt van was allegedly Svanenbyurh, mediocre painter, but as a man who visited and worked in Italy, had a great respect of his countrymen. After staying in the studio of the artist about three years, Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam and went there was apprenticed to Peter Lastmanu, student Adam Elsgeymera. This coach has had on Rembrandt's quite a significant impact and, apparently, also taught him the art of engraving. In 1623 Rembrandt returned to their homeland, and, most likely in 1628, was already fully prepared by the artist, at least to know that this time he already had the student, namely the famous later Gerard Dou. The first known paintings by Rembrandt in 1627 to include large number of works executed by them during this period of his life, demonstrates the continued work with what he tried to improve. Everything around me afforded him the model, mostly the same way he used for his sketches, paintings and engravings faces of their loved ones and their own. By this time include numerous portraits of himself, mother, father, and images of Bin Laden began his street types and scenes. This Rembrandt also worked under orders of outsiders, which proves, incidentally, is stored in Kassel Gallery and marked in 1630 portrait of a man with a double gold chain around his neck. In 1631 Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam, and since then only occasionally visited his home town. In Amsterdam, he quickly achieved fame, but despite a lot of orders, he never ceased to work solely with a view to its improvement, drawing from life and engraving interesting types, who come across at every step in the Jewish quarter of town. In this season of life Rembrandt they were written: "Anatomy Lesson" (1632, tries. The Hague), a portrait Koppenolya (nah. in Kassel) and the Hermitage portrait of calligrapher (1631 № 808).
In 1634 Rembrandt married Saskia van Yulenborh, daughter of the scientist lawyer. This marriage was called to the happiest time in his life: he uses the material wealth, abundance and orders necessary devotion to his young wife. Saskia Rembrandt often appears in works of that period, and her features are found not only in portraits, but also in other paintings and engravings. Among the portraits of Saskia most famous are: – "a portrait of the bride Pembrandta (in Kassel. Gal.)," Portrait of Saskia "(in Dresden. Gal.) And Rembrandt with his wife" (ibid.). However, happiness, and contentment were the lot of genius master not for long. In 1642, Saskia died, from the seven-year marriage she had four children, of whom only one son, Tityus, survived his mother. From this time on the circumstances of Rembrandt changed for the worse, although he found himself a girlfriend living in the face of his servant Hendrick Yagers, nicknamed Stoffels, who was born from his daughter, but his material well-being shaken as a result came over to them a passion for collecting art objects and curios. He spent a lot of money on them to such an extent that in 1656 was declared insolvent, and in 1658 was supposed to leave their homes and move to a hotel. To help his roommate, Hendrick, along with his son, founded the company to trade paintings, prints, engravings on wood and all sorts of curiosities. Although the case of Rembrandt went from bad to worse, especially after the death of Hendrick, about 1661 Seven years later he died and the son of the artist, Tityus. Finding himself in a difficult financial situation, Rembrandt was not lost, however, energy, worked hard, and yet, for all his hard work, could not get out of straitened circumstances.The reason was that the public taste at this time of change, and broad, juicy letter to Rembrandt, his method to treat lighting, focus lighting in a single paragraph, and leave the rest of the pictures in the shadows and penumbras, ceased to please art lovers who have been carefully executed to get involved , light painting. Rembrandt died in extreme poverty, in early October 1669
In contrast to the myopic contemporaries tried this wizard, the verdict of posterity put it on a high place in art history. Rembrandt – the most characteristic representative of Dutch school of painting, in his work more fully and comprehensively reflected trends in this school, and Thanks to the great genius who has given his nature, his works are a kind of synthesis of the entire northern painting. In its outlook, Rembrandt, above all, a profound realist: realism permeated all his work, irrespective of what field he draws them stories. Even in such images as a mythological, Rembrandt not be removed from reality, imagines the Greek gods and goddesses in the form of contemporary Dutch and Dutch women (as for example. In the Hermitage "Dana"). Even more than that: in some scenes of this kind, he is trying to deny to himself all notion of the inherent beauty of the ancient gods, forms, and deliberately goes into some caricature (for example, "Ganymede" Dresden Museum). With regard to the paintings of Rembrandt on religious themes, although in them it remains true to the realistic trend and puts the figures in costumes of the time, however, in these works is vividly expressed a warm and reverent feeling, eg. when the artist represents the Saviour, Mother of God, disciples and followers of Christ ("Descent from the Cross" in the Hermit. gal., 1634; "Christ and his disciples on the road to Emmaus," in the Louvre. Muses., 1648: an engraving of Christ heals the sick "" The Adoration of the Magi, "in Buckingham. t., 1657, etc.). Portraits by Rembrandt in turn, is also realistic in the highest degree, not only accurately the external features, but also express the inner nature of the depicted individuals, and their whole ethos, their nationality, the nature of their activities. The latter is particularly bright highlights enhancements, which the artist chooses, consistent with the profession represented by the character (Ermitazh. "Calligrapher" Hague "Anatomy Lesson", the Amsterdam Guild of weavers. ") Regardless of the inherent vitality of the works of Rembrandt and quite special, only one characteristic of this master techniques, which will be discussed below, the works of Rembrandt differ brilliant song. In his paintings and engravings, all of which are essential going out one way or another, to the fore, and protagonists who are characterized by so subtle that the viewer leaves no misunderstandings about the content of the scene. With regard to the pattern, the Rembrandt is not always chasing its accuracy, and sometimes he just deliberately goes into exaggeration, with the obvious aim to strengthen the impression, but his figure, like the songs, always in highly expressive. The main distinguishing feature of Rembrandt color – the lack of brilliance – as observed in the early and later in his works, in any of his paintings do not have those colors, what shine works by Italian masters, or perhaps the head of the Flemish school – Rubens. Attention Rembrandt drawn mainly to the transfer of light and shadow, and in this area is a brilliant artist at an unattainable height. In his paintings, the picture is as if enveloped in the air, and the play of light in the saturation of the atmosphere produces a striking effect. Aiming to overcome the difficulties of the transfer or other lighting effect, Rembrandt lighting
is so often played a fantastic and artificial, that gives scientists reason to argue about at which the light – day or night – there is one or more images of the scene (such as the famous painting of Amsterdam Museum: "Night Watch"). Usually Rembrandt distributes the light so that the main value of the person or the main group of paintings is in the worst light (such as in "Anatomy Lesson"), the light is reflections of this main group are distributed on the other next to her face, or accessories, and Finally, the remaining part of the picture are drowning in a transparent, deep shadows, full of airiness.The impression produced by such a brilliant distribution of light and shade, enhanced by the fact that the most illuminated parts are written more carefully than others interpreted broadly and juicy, sometimes only hints. Skill in the transfer of light and shade of Rembrandt evolved gradually. In his first, over time, Rembrandt was trying to depict nature in the form in which it appeared to him, without chasing the light effects, although even in this time in his creations are leaking hints of Rembrandt chiaroscuro (eg St Paul prison ", 1627, in Stuttgart Gallery). Prior to the highest development of chiaroscuro, and together with the other advantages by Rembrandt, reaching an average period of his activity. As mentioned above, life's adversities, comprehended the artist could not respond to his work. In some paintings, he wrote shortly after its bankruptcy, the former clear and warm tones give way to a dim, the light loses its intensity, the brush is less juicy. However, this decline has been only temporary, and at the end of his life Rembrandt again stage the things great, inimitable, saying its texture even greater freedom and wide, so for example in 1661 they were written: the famous "Sindic guild of weavers (nahod. in Amsterdam) and "The Return of the Prodigal Son (imp. Hermitage, № 797), and in 1682 -" The Jewish Bride "(in the Amsterdam museum). Numerous engravings by Rembrandt marked by the same qualities as his paintings: specificity of the figure, the master transmission difficult lighting effects, free, appropriate fine or forceful move the engraving needle – the distinctive quality Pembrandta as an engraver. List all of his paintings and prints, would be too much work, suffice to say that his creative mind penetrated into all spheres of human life, portraits, scenes from contemporary life, mythological, biblical, evangelical and historical subjects – all it takes an artist. But mostly his love used themes from the Bible and the Gospel, as more consistent Protestant worldview of the great master. With particular interest and most often he turned to the history of the suffering of the Savior, who interpreted in paintings and engravings, full of Christian feeling. Works by Rembrandt prized art lovers, their possession is the pride of any museum, all the other galleries are richer of the Imperial Hermitage, in which there are 42 paintings by Rembrandt. The Grand Master had a profound effect on the entire Dutch painting, the chief of his immediate disciples – F. Pain, G. Flink, G. van den Ekgout, A. de Gelder, N. Mas, Fabritsiyus, F. de Coninck. S. van Gogstraten, J. Backer, J. de Wet, W. De Porter, J. Owens, A. and Drost Verdal.