Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeyevich (Alexeev) (05 (17) .01.1863 – 07.08.1938), American actor, director, teacher and theoretician of the theater, People's artist of USSR (1936). Stanislavsky laid the foundation of modern science about the theater, created the school, the direction, representing a new stage in the development of scenic realism (see Stanislavsky System).
Parents Stanislavsky belonged to the progressive trade and industry, of which have close family Alexeyev major figures of Russian culture – P. M. Tretyakov, AA Bakhrushin, Mamontov, etc.
In 1877 Stanislavsky made his debut on the home scene. Shortly formed Alekseevskaya circle ", is translated vaudeville, operetta. Stanislavski played here a lot of roles with singing and dancing. In 1888 he founded (together with the director and AF Fedotov, a singer and teacher FP Komissarzhevskim) Community arts and literature. Played here the role of the Baron (The Miserly Knight "Pushkin), Ananias Yakovlev (" Bitter Fate Pysems'kogo), Ferdinand ("Intrigue and Love" Schiller), etc.
Endowed with great talent, brilliance of imagination, a rare charisma, stage appearance, constantly improving skills, Stanislavsky acquired fame famous actor of his time. In their first directorial work, he sought to break with the obsolete tradition, to find more subtle means for transmission of artistic truth onstage ("Fruits of Enlightenment" H. L. Tolstoy, 1891; "sunken bell" Hauptmann, 1898, etc.).
In 1898, together with Stanislavsky VI Nemirovich-Danchenko founded the Moscow Art Theatre (MXT), a troupe of actors, which included the Company's art and literature, and students Nemirovich-Danchenko of Music and Drama College Moscow Philharmonic obschestvava. His first play – Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, Alexei Tolstoy (1898, staged by Stanislavsky and AA Sanin).
The true birth of the MXT and with it a new trend in world theatrics associated with the production of The Seagull by Chekhov (1898, directors Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko). This was followed by "Uncle Vanya" (1899), "Three Sisters" (1901), "The Cherry Orchard" (1904) by Anton Chekhov.
Realizing the vital truth and poetic, innovative essence of Chekhov's plays, Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko found a special way of its execution, have opened new ways of opening the spiritual world of modern man. Success was determined by the ensemble performances of all the performers united by the creative method and a common understanding of the idea of the play: acting, scenery, lighting, sound design create an indivisible whole, a single artistic image.
In 1902, Stanislavsky staged the play M. Gorky's "Philistines" and "The Lower Depths" (with VI Nemirovich-Danchenko), filled with foreboding simmering revolutionary events. With Gorky's drama (as defined by Stanislavsky) is related socio-political line in the repertoire MXT: in the play "Philistines" first appeared on the scene a new hero-worker calling to fight for the transformation of society.
Innovative directing were raised Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, Russian classics: "Woe from Wit" Griboyedov (1906), "Where is thin, there and tear" Turgenev (1912), "Village Stepanchikovo of Dostoevsky (1917), as well as" Month in the Country "Turgenev (1909, staged by Stanislavsky and Moskvin J. M.)," Blue Bird "Maeterlinck (1908, in conjunction with LA Sulerzhitsky and Moskvin). During the prevalence of various decadent trends Stanislavsky put in conventionally-symbolist terms "drama of life" Hamsun and "Human life" Andreev (both in 1907), but these performances have convinced him devastating impact on the art of the actor deliberate, artificial style.
Stanislavsky's acting talent manifested itself in diverse scenic images. Paphos against false morality and selfish interests of bourgeois society was imbued with the image of Dr. Stockman ["Doctor Stockman" ("Enemy of the People"), Ibsen, staged by Stanislavsky and V. Luga]. With a truly Gorky romanticism scale played Satine ("The Lower Depths"). Lyrical charm, deep humanity, the spiritual resistance differed Chekhov's characters Stanislavsky: Astra ("Uncle Vanya"), Vershinin (Three Sisters). The satirical talent Stanislavsky manifested in the roles of Famusov ("Woe from Wit" Griboyedov), Steeps ("Every Wise Man Stumbles" Ostrovsky), Argand ("Imaginary Invalid, Moliere).
Since 1900's.Stanislavsky actively developed the doctrine of creation actor – acting technique and method of work on the play and the role. However, LA Sulerzhitsky he organized at MXT 1 st Studio (1912), in order to work with young people to check and approve its system.
The victory of the October Revolution of 1917 set a new stage of the Stanislavsky as a director, teacher and theorist of stage art. Performances by them during the Soviet era, characterized not only depth and originality of the director's intention, the perfection of stage, and Social points: Passionate Heart "Ostrovsky (1926)," Mad Day or The Marriage of Figaro "by Beaumarchais (1927). An important milestone in the development of Soviet theater and the approval of its method of socialist realism was put under the direction of Stanislavsky (director IY Sudakov) performance "Armoured 14 – 69" Bc. Ivanov (1927).
Stanislavsky directed the staging performances "Untilovsk" Leonova (1928), "Dead Souls" on Gogol (1932), "Talents and Admirers" Ostrovsky (1933), etc.
Stanislavsky stremtsya reform the performing arts and in the field of musical theater. In 1918 headed the opera studio of the Bolshoi Theatre, grew up in the opera studio-theater, then – in the Opera Theatre. Stanislavsky (staged "Eugene Onegin" by Tchaikovsky, 1922, "The Tsar's Bride" by Rimsky-Korsakov, 1926, and thereafter Musical Theatre of Stanislavsky and Vl. Nemirovich-Danchenko). In 1935 created an opera, drama studio.
Stanislavsky never stopped searching for better ways to scenic art. By the early 30's. He stood on the threshold of new discoveries, re-launching a studio and experimental work. Activities of Stanislavsky, the most fully and completely embodied the idea of stage realism, had a tremendous impact on the Soviet director and acting school, has contributed to various theatrical trends. In recognition of the greatest masters of foreign scenes, the whole modern theater uses the legacy of Stanislavsky.
He was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of Red Banner of Labor.
In Moscow in the house where he lived Stanislavsky, in 1948 organized by the museum.
Cit.: Sobre. Op., v. 1 – 8, M., 1954 – 1961.
Lit.: Efros HE, Stanislavsky, P., 1918; Gurevich, Nine Roles Stanislavsky, "Theatre", 1938, № 9; about Stanislavsky. Sat memories. 1863 – 1938, M., 1948; Prokofiev AV, On the last rehearsals of Stanislavsky, "Theatre", 1948, № 1, it is, Stanislavsky on the creative process of the actor, ibid, 1948, № 3, Christy G., Job Stanislavsky Opera Theatre, M., 1952, Legacy of Stanislavski and the practice of Soviet theater. Sat articles, M., 1953; Kryzhidky G., Great stage reformer, M., 1962, Mark P., On the Stanislavsky Theatre, 1962, № 1, Stanislavsky. Writers, artists, directors of the great figures of the Russian theater, M., 1963; Lunacharsky A., Sobre Op., Vol 3, M., 1964; Polyakova E., Stanislavsky – Actor, M., 1972; Vinogradskaya I. , The life and work of Stanislavsky. Chronicle in 4 volumes. 1863 – 1938, v. 1 – 3, M., 1971 – 1973; Stroeva MH, Directing quest Stanislavsky. 1898 – 1917, M., 1,973; Sibiryakov HH, international significance of Stanislavsky, M-, 1974.