Even in childhood he showed a great liking for drawing, which prompted Diakonova let him go out and determine in 1788, students in the Imperial. Academy of Arts. While studying in her own extraordinary artistic abilities and their rapid development Kiprensky acquired a special patronage of the then president of the Academy, gr. Stroganov. The main mentors him here were sullen and G. D. Levitsky.

In 1802, for the picture: Philemon and Baucis, awarded him a small gold medal, and in addition, for the painting project of the monument Professor G. Kozlov, he was one of the great gold medals, donated by gr. Stroganov. After graduating in the next year academic course with the title of the artist XIV cells. Is left with the Academy as a boarder.

In 1805 he was awarded a large gold medal for the written program now: "Dmitry Donskoy in Kulikovo (nahod. Museum Acad. Thin.), And thus acquired the right to travel to foreign lands, with the content from the Government, but by the then political circumstances, sending him there had to be postponed.

Once he went to Moscow and was in Tver, in the court led. Princess Catherine Pavlovna. In 1812, a few male portraits, including a portrait of guerrilla-poet D. Davydov (nah. Museum Acad. Thin.) Erected in the title of Academician, and in 1815 recognized as an advisor of the Academy. In the following year went, finally, in a journey abroad, at the expense of the Imperial. Elizabeth Alexeyevna, visited Germany, Switzerland and Italy, and the last one of these countries acquired their portraits so well known that honored that his portrait, painted by himself at the suggestion of the Florentine Academy of Fine Arts, was placed in the Uffizi Gallery, the collection of portraits by famous artists.

Returned to St. Petersburg. in 1823, but not for long, and in 1828 again went to Italy, where he attracted the love of a young Roman woman, model Anna Maria Falkuchchi which, thanks to him, was given to education in one of the female schools of this city . During his absence from St. Petersburg. Was due to receive the Academy of Arts of the new state, renamed from advisers to be a professor, in 1831

In 1836 he married Falkuchchi, but 3 months later he died in Rome on 5 October that year. Contemporaries called Kiprensky "Russian Van Dyke," but this name determines the nature of his talent is not quite accurate. Starting out with a follow his teacher, Ugryumova and Levitsky, he then took me for examples of Rubens and Rembrandt, and tried, in his works, to merge the best qualities of their painting, but soon left these artists and created his own style, which sought may complete transmit the nature of life, not only the strict accuracy of drawing and the naturalness of the colors, but mostly well crafted, varied, depending on the kind depicted substances – such as to completely concealed by the brush work and receive full illusion of reality. In many cases Kiprensky solves this problem perfectly, but not all of his works have the same value.

Especially strong, he was part of portraits, which are written to them a lot and who, besides other qualities, in general is remarkably similar. With regard to his historical paintings, they suggest that, for all his skill, he did not possess the gift of great songs. In addition to painting, Kiprensky engaged in painting on stone and published several lithographs. As for the best among his works, you can specify the portraits of the famous sculptor Gorvaldsena and father of the artist (in Imperial. Hermitage), the "Young Gardener" (ibid.), "readers of newspapers" and "Tiburtinskuyu Sybil" (in the Moscow Public Museum) portraits fabulist Krylov (in counts. Acad. Sciences) and "gr. Pototskaya" (in the estate of Count. Potocki), "Tomb of Anacreon" (in years.Briullov, in St. Petersburg.) And a few portraits collected, the Tretyakov Gallery, which he founded in Moscow.

He graduated from the Ufa Aviation Institute, an engineer-economist; BAGSO, manager, 1993-1994 – Ufa branch of the Moscow Institute of Technology, assistant lecturer in Management, 1994-1997 – Chief Economist, Chief Specialist, Ministry of Culture of Belarus, 1997-2000 – was given a class rank – Advisor to the Civil Service Class 3.

2000 – Director of the State Academic Folk Dance Ensemble them. F. Gaskarova.

Around 1758 he moved to St. Petersburg. 1770 – early 1780-ies .- heyday of creativity Levitsky. Even the portrait of AF Kokorinova (1769 – 1770, Eng. Museum, Leningrad), for which the artist received the title of academician, Levitsky stands master parade portrait, seeking effective compositions, intensity and tonal unity of colors, expressive poses and gestures. In this and other works (portraits: NA Sezemova, 1770; PA Demidov, 1773; both – in the Tretyakov Gal.) General solemnity in the tradition of the late Baroque is often combined with unexpected features of the natural and commonplace; sober vigilance in the view on the model, which runs from the masters of Ukrainian portrait 17 – 18 centuries. and Antropov, correlates with acute perception of the materiality of accessories.

In a series of formal portraits of the pupils Smolny Inst (ca. 1773 – 1776, Eng. Museum) Levitsky created a gallery of images of graceful, flirtatious girls, play music, dancing and performing in a pastoral scene. For theatrical masquerade he was able to see the freshness of feeling and good nature. This series features a refined decorative colors (with a wealth of interpenetrating golden-yellow, olive-green, pink, black and silver-gray shades) and a known flatness of spaces, the decision is not, however, the bump shapes.

In-depth and variety of individual characteristics, restraint of Arts, of intimate portraits marked Levitsky, they lack the trappings and performed in a free pasty manner that creates a feeling of flesh (Diderot, 1773 – 1774, Museum of Art Society and History, Geneva, N. Alexander Lvov, 1773 – 1774, Lit. Museum, Moscow; MA Dzyakova, 1778, a priest, possibly his father, 1779; J. E. Sievers, 1779, all three – in Tretyakov gal.; IM Dolgoruky , 1782, Kiev Museum of Russian Art). Since the early 1780's. in creativity Levitsky influence of classicism: the portraits of Ursula Mniszek (1782, Tretyakov gal.) Catherine II (1783, Eng.'s; options 1780-ies. and 1790), the fine nuances replaced local color, grows well-defined volumes, appears smoothed letters. The last portrait (his program was developed NA Lvov) embodies the abstract idea of "wise monarchy" which prevailed in the circle GRDerzhavin to which Levitsky was close.

From 2 nd half of 1780-ies. During the period of increasing dissatisfaction Levitsky rationalist Enlightenment ideals, and his works lose their former integrity and harmony, performance models become more external (portraits: daughter Agasha in Russian. Bunks. Costume, 1785, Tretyakov gal. , VI, and MA Mitrofanov, 1790-ies., Eng. Museum). But in recent years poses a number of highly Levitsky works (portraits: the daughters of AI Vorontsov, ca. 1790, Rus. Museum; unknown to the Sphinx, 1790-ies., Coll. Ghirshman, Paris). After 1800 due to eye disease Levitsky almost did not work. Creative Levitsky – one of the best expressions of Russian Culture 2 nd half of 18., His teaching activities (in 1771 – 1787 he led a class portrait of Arts) had a significant influence on the formation of a generation of Russian portrait painters (V. Borovikovsky; students Levitsky – PS Drozhdin, ED Kamezhenkova, LS Miropolskogo, etc.).

Lit.: (Diaghilev, SP), Russian Painting in XVIII century, v. 1. D. Levitsky, St. Petersburg, 1902, Gershenson-Chegodaeva NM, D. Levitsky, M., 1964.

In the 16 years he compiled and issued a "Guide to the shooting plans," (Wiley, 1832). The Restaurant Milutin entered gunner in the Guard. artillery, and in 1833 was made an officer. In 1839 he graduated from the course at the military academy.

During this time he papisal number of articles on the military and mathematics departments in "Entsikl. Lexicon Plyushara (vols. 10 – 15) and" War entsikl. Lexicon Zeddelera (vols. 2 – 8), translated from French. note SenSira ("Military. Byblos." Glazunov, 1838) and bake. article "Suvorov as general (" Patriotic. Zap. "1839, 4).

From 1839 to 1844. He served in the Caucasus, took part in many cases against the Highlanders and was wounded by a bullet to fly to the right shoulder, with damage bone. In 1845 he was appointed professor. Military Aqd. the department of military geography, he is credited with the introduction of the academic course of military statistics.

Even as he was in the Caucasus and in 1843 to bake. 'Instructions to employment, defense and attack, forests, buildings, villages and other local items ", followed by a" Critical study of the value of military geography and statistics "(1846)," The first experiments of military statistics, "(t. I -" Introduction "and" The grounds of political and military alliance of Germanic ", 1847, v. II -" Military Statistics of the Prussian Kingdom, 1848), "Description of hostilities in 1839 in the North. Dagestan" (St. Petersburg, 1850) and, finally, in 1852 – 1853. main scientific work of his – a classic study of the Italian campaign Suvorov.

On this topic as a war historian AI Mikhaylovsky, but he died, having only to start the study, by order of His Majesty continued the work was entrusted Miliutin. "The history of the war in 1799 between Russia and France in the reign of Emperor. Paul I", to recall Granovsky, "is one of those books that are necessary to every educated Russian, and will, no doubt, a highly respected place in the European historical literature; a "work in the full sense of the word independent and original" narrative of the events in it "differs extraordinary clarity and calm eyes, neotumanennogo no prejudices, and the noble simplicity, which is the identity of any significant historical works."

A few years this work has already demanded a new edition (St. Petersburg, 1857); Academy of Sciences awarded him the full Demidov Prize and elected Milyutina its corresponding member.

Translated into German: Chr. Schinitt'a came in Munich in 1857 with 1848 AM, in addition to scientific studies, was roving in the Minister of War. In 1856, at the request of the book. Baryatinsky, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Caucasian army, in 1859, he participated in a lesson, Tando village and in the capture of a fortified aul Gunib, where he was captured Shamil.

In 1859 he was promoted to Adjutant gener. HIH, and in 1860 was appointed deputy Minister of War the following year he was appointed minister of war and retained it for twenty years, performing from the very beginning of its administration resolute, staunch and steadfast supporter of the renewal of Russia in the spirit of those principles of justice and equality, which depicted the liberation reform counts. Alexander II.

One of the closest people in the circle that gathered around behaved. book. Elena Pavlovna, Milutin, even in the post maintained close relationships with a wide erudite literary circles and maintained close contact with such persons as Kavelin, EO Korsch et al

This close contact Milyutina with outstanding representatives of society, familiarity with the movements in public life was a very important condition in its ministerial activities. For the Ministry at that time were very difficult: it was necessary to reorganize the entire device and control the army, all parties to the military life, long been largely lags behind the requirements of life.

In anticipation of fundamental reform of the dire for the people conscription, Milutin obtain for Supreme Order of reducing the period of military service from 25 years to 16 and other relief.At the same time it has taken several measures to improve the welfare of soldiers – their food, housing, clothing, started training soldiers to read, forbidden to assault and limited use of the birch to the soldiers.

In the State Council Milutin has always belonged to the most enlightened advocates of the reform movement in 1960-ies. Most notably the influence of Milyutina in the publication of the law on April 17. In 1863 to abolish the cruel criminal punishments – strokes of the rod, whip, birch, branding, chaining to the cart, etc.

In the land reform of Milutin stood for providing zemstvo perhaps more rights and greater autonomy is possible, he objected to the introduction of elected councilors began the social-estate, against the dominance of aristocratic element, insisted on the provision by the Zemsky assemblies, district and provincial, to elect their chairmen, etc.

In reviewing the legal statutes Milutin fully behind strict enforcement of the foundations of rational justice. Once open vowels were new trials, he found it necessary to develop and for new military department of Military Justice regulations (15 May 1867), it is consistent with the basic principles of legal statutes (ustnost, publicity, race start).

Press Law in 1865 met in Milutin strict criticism, he found inconvenient simultaneous existence of publications, subject to prior censorship, and publications of her release, rebelled against the concentration of power of the press, through the Minister of Internal Affairs and wanted a solution for printing to entrust the establishment of a collegial and completely independent. Milutin most important measure was the introduction of universal conscription.

Educated in the privileges of the upper classes of society is very unsympathetic attitude to the reform of the merchants even offered, if released from their duties at their own expense include persons with disabilities. Back in 1870, founded, however, was a special commission to develop a question, and January 1, 1874 took Imperial decree on the introduction of universal conscription.

Rescript of Emperor Alexander II addressed Milyutina from January 11, 1874 instructed the Minister give the law enforced in the same spirit in which it is made. This fact distinguishes the fate of military reform of the peasant. What particularly characterizes the military regulations in 1874 – is striving to spread enlightenment. Milutin was generous in providing benefits to education that grow according to its degree and reaches 3 months of active service.

Implacable enemy Milutin in this regard was the Minister of bunks. Education Earl DA Tolstoi, proposed to restrict the highest privilege a year and to equalize the rate of university graduates with graduates of the course 6 classes Classical. gymnasiums. Thanks, however, the energetic and skillful Protection Milutin, the project has passed its entirely in the State Council, failed to gr. Tolstoy introduce conscription and dedicated to the travel time university course. Particularly for the spread of education among the troops Milyutin was also made a lot.

In addition to publishing books and magazines for the soldiers' reading, measures were taken to the development of the education of soldiers. In addition to teaching teams, which was in 1873 set 3-year course was instituted regimental school, in 1875, issued general guidelines for training, etc.

Changes were both secondary and higher military schools, and Milutin wan
ted to release them from premature specialization, expanding their program in the spirit of general education, forcing the old teaching methods, replacing the Cadet Corps military school.

In 1864 they were established cadet schools. The number of military educational institutions in general was increased, a higher level of scientific claims in the production of an officer. Nicholas Academy of the General Staff has received new rules, when it was arranged an additional course.

Based Milyutin in 1866, the Legal. the officer class in 1867 was renamed the Military Academy of Law. All these measures have led to dramatically raise the intellectual level of Russian officers, highly developed military involvement in the development of Russian science – it Milyutin. It is Russian society must base of women's medical courses, which in the war 1877 – 1878 years. justified the hopes placed in them, the institution was closed shortly after leaving Milyutina from the ministry.It is extremely important and a number of measures to restructure the hospital and the health of the troops, commented favorably on the health of troops.

Officers borrowed capital and military emeritalnaya Booking Milyutin been reformed, organized the meeting were officers, changed the military organization of the army, established by the military district system (August 6, 1864), reorganize staff, reorganized commissariat. Voices that training for the soldiers, according to a new location, is small and not sufficient, but in the war 1877 – 1878 years. younger converted army brought up without the birch, in the spirit of humanity, brilliantly justified expectations of converters.

For their labors during the war Milutin decree of August 30. 1878 was elevated to the dignity of a count. Stranger to any desire to conceal the error of his subordinates, he was after the war did their best to judicial inquiry to shed light on the numerous abuses that had crept into the war in the Quartermaster and other parts. In 1881, shortly after the resignation of Loris-Melikov, the ministry went out and Milutin.

The remaining members of the State Council, Milutin almost continuously lived in the Crimea. Milutin – President Emeritus of the General Staff Academy and the Military Law, an honorary member of Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Artillery, Engineering and Medical-Surgical, Universities of Moscow and Kharkov, the community care for the sick and wounded soldiers, Geographical Society.

Petersburg University in 1866 awarded him the rank of Doctor of Russian history.

See "Historical Sketch of the military government in Russia for 1855 – 1880 years." (St. Petersburg, 1880); G. Dzhanshieev, "The era of great reforms"; biographical article Yakushkin in "Russian Gazette" in 1893

In 1722 he was assigned to illustrate a new edition of "French history" O. Daniel, and in 1723 he received the Academy Award for his film "Evil-Merodach the son and heir of Nebuchadnezzar, the king released from the shackles of Joachim.

In 1725 Bush put a few small pictures on "Exhibition of Youth" and was invited to de Julien cooperate in the publication of Anton Watteau. In 1727 he went to his account in Rome, where he studied diligently all Albano and Pietro da Cortona, with whom he later often compared, and sketched the whole collection of animals with Traian's column (published Gyutenom). Modern critics have found that the pictures, written AB after returning from Italy, was remarkable beauty and virile power, and this may be true for the paintings, which have reached us only in the engravings published Lavrenty Kars, as their originals have disappeared. November 24, 1731 AB was admitted to the academy, and in 1732 wrote "Venus, Vulcan ordering weapons for Aeneas."

In 1734 BP was awarded the title of academician in a picture of Renault and Armida, "and in the same year, decorate a room in the Queen's Palace of Versailles allegorical figures of Compassion, Abundance, loyalty and prudence, illustrated edition of Moliere's great, and performed one after Several other collections of prints, eg. "Cris de Paris"; "Livres de sujets et Pastorales"; "Elements", "Saisons", etc.

In 1735 he was appointed associate professor in 1737 a professor of the Academy. In the period from 1737 to 1740, he wrote, "Education of Cupid Mercury", "Aurora and Cephalus" and "Venus, part of the pool" – painting, commissioned for the hotel Soubise (now the Palace of the national archives). Since then begins his highly prolific work: he delivers factory in Beauvais, traders Prints and kitayschiny that has just come into fashion, fans and the court a whole lot of cardboard. drawings and paintings, some of which – as for example. The Birth of Venus (1740, now in the Stockholm Museum), "Epic Poetry" (1741) and "History", performed by the Royal Library, "Diana, emerging from the bath" and "Pastoral Scene" (in the Louvre) – considered the best of his works.

In 1743, AB was appointed head designer of the opera and produced several ballets, and he also wrote sets for theaters Fair St. Laurent and Bellevue and amateur performances arranged by the Marquise de Pompadour, his pupil and patron. A huge number of orders received soon, however, turned the work of "Anacreon of Painting in the hastily made sketches, which the critic could not look favorably, although from time to time he managed to focus on such works as" A Collection of geniuses of art "(1751), "Latona on the island of Delos," Sun started out and banish the night. " At this time Bush is in full glory and splendor of royal grace, received a pension and an apartment in the Louvre.

In 1757 he exhibited a portrait of Mark. Pompadour, for which at the same time wrote: "The Muse Erato", "Muse Clio", "Holidays in Egypt", etc.

In 1765, despite the death of the Marquise de Pompadour, lishivshuyu it so powerful patronage, Boucher managed, however, get a place in the first painter of King, which had become vacant by the death of Charles Van Loo. But the picture relating to the last years of life grown old, who lived and mislead the beginning of the classic reaction, BP could no longer produce the former impression, but despite this, and not paying attention to the scathing criticism of Diderot, he took part in all exhibitions and leaves opera.

His last work was a "gypsy wagon train," exhibited in 1769 and written shortly before his death in 1770 his fame soon after his death absolutely you drop under the influence of a classical reaction, it was accused of corrupting the youth and the best of his paintings found no buyers.Now these unfair accusations have lost their meaning, modern criticism assigns AB prominently among the artists the French school of the XVIII century. Wed Mariette, "Abecedario": Diderot, "Salon de 1759, 1761, 1763, 1765, 1767" (ie, X and XI, ed. Aseza-Tournai); E. and Yu Goncourt, "L'art au XVIII siecle" (Paris , 1881); P. Mantz, "Francois Boucher, Lemoyne et Natoire" (Paris, 1880); A. Michel, "Francois Boucher" (a collection of "Artistes celebres" (Paris, 1886). In the St. Petersburg Hermitage has his "repose on the way to Egypt." Signed by: J. Boucher 1757.