Prior to her marriage – Levchenko.

Her father – Vasily A. Levchenko, graduated from the Department of Philology of Moscow University and arrived in Poltava work as a teacher.

Mother – Ekaterina SLEPTSOVA was a graduate of Alexander – the Mariinsky Institute for young ladies.

Vera was two years old when his family moved to Moscow. In 1903, when she was ten years old, she was learning in a private school Perepelkin. Soon, Vera, in spite of huge competition, entered the ballet school, but was quite full, and my mother called her "Poltava dumpling. But after a year, her parents took her out of school.

At a ball on the occasion of graduating from high school, Vera met with the student – as a lawyer Vladimir Cold. Several months later they got married in friendly disapproval of both families. Two years later the family our daughter was born Eugene (born 1912). A year later the family adopt a girl Nonna. The family lived very modestly, but, fortunately, there is a new popular and inexpensive entertainment – motion picture. Faith they are very interested and she wanted to try to force it.

In 1914 in film.

The first (casual) role – adaptation of "Anna Karenina" directed by Vladimir Gardin.

In 1915 he starred in Eugene Bauer in the movie "Song of Triumphant Love", where she played Helen. This role brought the actress widely known.

Last year she starred in Khanzhonkov in 13 films. She had to support his family, because husband was at the front.

In August 1915, Vera went to the front – in the hospital, nurse a wounded husband. Vladimir went on the mend and they returned to Moscow. A few days later, Vera immediately went to the shooting in Sochi, and in mid-October, her husband, even after recovering from injury, asked back to the front.

For four years cinematographic life Vera Cold starred in 35 films from directors: E. Bauer, P. Chardynin, V. Viskovskogo, C. Sabinsky. She was called the queen of the screen. She became a trendsetter.

In 1917, the screen went out one of her best films – "By the fireplace. This film had exceptional success with the public (under the Soviet regime it was destroyed, like hundreds of other popular pre-revolutionary films).

In 1917 Vera appeared in 11 films.

She offered many times to leave Russia. She was popular abroad. Her movies were in Europe, America, Turkey and even in Japan. She was offered a contract for 10 years in Germany, she was called in France. But it all offers refused. She said that her place in Russia.

At the end of the summer of 1918, the actress arrived in Odessa on dosemki movie "Princess Tarakanov" together with the eldest daughter, Zhenya. But the crew of the – for the intervention had to stay in Odessa for six months. February 8, 1919, Vera became ill with "immortal" – a special form of influenza, which was complicated by pneumonia. She was ill for nine days. February 17, 1919 it was gone.

Vladimir Cold lived without his wife just two months. He is not sick, but just quietly faded – of a broken heart. " Soon died and his mother Vera, and orphaned daughters of actress relatives taken abroad, where they disappear.

Embalmed body of the actress that as soon as possible, as soon as the Allied troops will leave Odessa, transported to Moscow. The coffin with the body of an actress locked in a chapel on the first Christian cemetery in Odessa … and remembered it only in 1931, when the cemetery was decided to transform the Park of Culture. Remains of an actress, as reported by her relatives, were sent to Moscow … but along the way lost.

During his career, actress starred, according to various testimonies, or forty, or eighty films. Because of her roles have reached us only five.

Plisetskaya, Maya Mikhailovna (11/20/1925), Soviet ballet dancer, national artist of USSR (1959).

In 1943 he graduated from the Moscow Ballet School (teachers Gerdt, Mikhail Leontiev), and was admitted to the Bolshoi Theater.

The first major party – Masha ("The Nutcracker" by Tchaikovsky, 1944). In plastic Plisetskaya dance art reaches a high harmony ("The Dying Swan" to music by Camille Saint-Saens, and others), she found new ways of interpreting the music of Tchaikovsky, Glazunov, Bizet.

Artistic individuality Plisetskaya close and lyrical, and the heroic roles: Odette-Odile ("Swan Lake" by Tchaikovsky), Mistress of Copper Mountain ("The Stone Flower" by Prokofiev), Raymonda (Raymonda Glazunov), Kitri (Don Quixote "by Minkus) Aurora ("Sleeping Beauty" by Tchaikovsky), Carmen ("Carmen Suite" to music by Bizet – Shchedrin), Anna Karenina (Anna Karenina "Shchedrin), etc.

In the dance of Maya Plisetskaya combines the best traditions of Russian culture and innovative choreographic aspirations of the Soviet choreographers. In 1972, together with NI Ryzhenko and VV Smirnov-Golovanov put ballet "Anna Karenina" (by Leo Tolstoy) at the Bolshoi.

She has toured the U.S., Britain, France, Italy, Canada and other countries. Lenin Prize (1964). She was awarded the Order of Lenin and medals.

Lit.: Roslavlev N., Maya Plisetskaya, M., 1968.

After the October Revolution Davydov – People's Artist of the Republic, whose work, always cheerful and vigorous, highly regarded new audience. And the name Davydova, went down in history as the great phenomenon of Russian art, a bridge connecting the modern theatrics culture with the pioneer and founder of this culture – the great Shchepkin.

He graduated from the Ufa Aviation Institute, an engineer-economist; BAGSO, manager, 1993-1994 – Ufa branch of the Moscow Institute of Technology, assistant lecturer in Management, 1994-1997 – Chief Economist, Chief Specialist, Ministry of Culture of Belarus, 1997-2000 – was given a class rank – Advisor to the Civil Service Class 3.

2000 – Director of the State Academic Folk Dance Ensemble them. F. Gaskarova.

Around 1758 he moved to St. Petersburg. 1770 – early 1780-ies .- heyday of creativity Levitsky. Even the portrait of AF Kokorinova (1769 – 1770, Eng. Museum, Leningrad), for which the artist received the title of academician, Levitsky stands master parade portrait, seeking effective compositions, intensity and tonal unity of colors, expressive poses and gestures. In this and other works (portraits: NA Sezemova, 1770; PA Demidov, 1773; both – in the Tretyakov Gal.) General solemnity in the tradition of the late Baroque is often combined with unexpected features of the natural and commonplace; sober vigilance in the view on the model, which runs from the masters of Ukrainian portrait 17 – 18 centuries. and Antropov, correlates with acute perception of the materiality of accessories.

In a series of formal portraits of the pupils Smolny Inst (ca. 1773 – 1776, Eng. Museum) Levitsky created a gallery of images of graceful, flirtatious girls, play music, dancing and performing in a pastoral scene. For theatrical masquerade he was able to see the freshness of feeling and good nature. This series features a refined decorative colors (with a wealth of interpenetrating golden-yellow, olive-green, pink, black and silver-gray shades) and a known flatness of spaces, the decision is not, however, the bump shapes.

In-depth and variety of individual characteristics, restraint of Arts, of intimate portraits marked Levitsky, they lack the trappings and performed in a free pasty manner that creates a feeling of flesh (Diderot, 1773 – 1774, Museum of Art Society and History, Geneva, N. Alexander Lvov, 1773 – 1774, Lit. Museum, Moscow; MA Dzyakova, 1778, a priest, possibly his father, 1779; J. E. Sievers, 1779, all three – in Tretyakov gal.; IM Dolgoruky , 1782, Kiev Museum of Russian Art). Since the early 1780's. in creativity Levitsky influence of classicism: the portraits of Ursula Mniszek (1782, Tretyakov gal.) Catherine II (1783, Eng.'s; options 1780-ies. and 1790), the fine nuances replaced local color, grows well-defined volumes, appears smoothed letters. The last portrait (his program was developed NA Lvov) embodies the abstract idea of "wise monarchy" which prevailed in the circle GRDerzhavin to which Levitsky was close.

From 2 nd half of 1780-ies. During the period of increasing dissatisfaction Levitsky rationalist Enlightenment ideals, and his works lose their former integrity and harmony, performance models become more external (portraits: daughter Agasha in Russian. Bunks. Costume, 1785, Tretyakov gal. , VI, and MA Mitrofanov, 1790-ies., Eng. Museum). But in recent years poses a number of highly Levitsky works (portraits: the daughters of AI Vorontsov, ca. 1790, Rus. Museum; unknown to the Sphinx, 1790-ies., Coll. Ghirshman, Paris). After 1800 due to eye disease Levitsky almost did not work. Creative Levitsky – one of the best expressions of Russian Culture 2 nd half of 18., His teaching activities (in 1771 – 1787 he led a class portrait of Arts) had a significant influence on the formation of a generation of Russian portrait painters (V. Borovikovsky; students Levitsky – PS Drozhdin, ED Kamezhenkova, LS Miropolskogo, etc.).

Lit.: (Diaghilev, SP), Russian Painting in XVIII century, v. 1. D. Levitsky, St. Petersburg, 1902, Gershenson-Chegodaeva NM, D. Levitsky, M., 1964.

Jawaharlal Nehru (14/11/1889 – 27/05/1964), one of the leaders of the Indian national liberation movement, political leader and statesman of India. Son of Motilal Nehru.

In 1905-12 he studied at Harrow and aristocratic school at Cambridge University (UK). During these years, met with the ideas of Indian nationalism. In 1912 joined the Indian National Congress (INC). The formation of social and political attitudes of the young Heru influenced B. Tilak and the so-called grouping. extremists in Congress. With the arrival (after 1918) to the leadership of the INC M. Gandhi became the Heru his supporters and closest collaborator.

In 1921, for anti-British agitation in the village was subjected to the first arrest, all in prison was more than 10 years. In 1927 he participated in the Congress of the oppressed nations in Brussels and then worked closely with Congress created this anti-imperialist League. He was familiar with the works of Marx and Lenin. In 1927, together with his father visited the USSR, where he took part in the celebration of 10 anniversary of the October Revolution. Heru highly valued in Lenin, kotopogo called "master of thought and the genius of the revolution" (Nehru J., Glimpses of world history, NY, 1942, p. 638). Heru said that the cause of Lenin lives in the hearts of the workers, encouraging them to fight for a better life.

In the opinion of Heru, the successful national-liberation struggle of the broad-based involvement of the masses must be conducted under the slogan of the future of the profound social transformation of India, the main elements which Heru considered the nationalization of leading economic role of government and planning national economic development, holding feudal agrarian reform and development of agricultural cooperation. Heru seen the future of India in socialism, but the path to it is not discerned through the development of class struggle, and, after Gandhi, a social compromise.

Radical views Heru contributed to his nomination to the end of 1920. the role of one of the leaders of the left wing of Congress. Heru was a member of the core of leadership of the Party, since 1923 has repeatedly been elected Secretary of the Board, then General Secretary of Congress, and in 1929-30, 1936-37, 1946, 1951-54 Heru – Chairman of the Congress. In 1929 at the Lahore Congress, Congress put forward the program slogan "Purna Swaraj (complete independence), participated in the development of the first economic and social program of Congress, adopted at the Congress in Karachi in 1931.

In 1938 headed the National Planning Komitet (organ INC), developed a program of economic construction in the future of independent India. In 20 – 30-ies. Heru has repeatedly traveled abroad in India, linking the Indian national movement with anti-imperialist and anti-fascist forces in Western Europe lobbied against fascist aggression in Ethiopia (Abyssinia) and Europe for the Republic of Spain and China's struggle against Japanese aggression. During the 2-nd World War, 1939-45 lobbied in support of the Soviet Union.

In 1946, Heru entered into the Provisional Government of India as Deputy Prime Minister (Prime Minister believes the Viceroy) and Minister of Foreign Affairs. Supervised inter-Asian conference in New Delhi (1946). Since the founding of independent India (1947) Heru before his death been continuously occupied the post of Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Since his name is associated with the development and implementation of the basic principles of domestic and foreign policy of the Republic of India, known as "Nehru". On the initiative of Heru and his direct participation were developed key policy documents, INC., which included in the economic development of the "mixed economy" with the greater increase of the public sector and increase government regulation of the economy.

In 1955 at the Congress of the INC in Avadi on the proposal Heru adopted a program of construction in India "socialist pattern of society", and in 1959 at the Congress in Nagpur – program for the completion of agrarian reform and development of various types of agricultural cooperatives. Concern about the growing Indian monopolies, Heru performed, especially in 1963-64, with the limitation of Indian big capital.

As Chairman of the Planning Commission, Heru was directly involved in the drafting of the first three Five Year Plans of India (1951/52-1965/66). Designed and executed under the guidance of Heru measures for economic and socio-cultural construction initiated the restructuring of the colonial-feudal structure of Indian society.

In foreign policy, Heru followed a policy of "positive neutrality", aimed at the struggle for peace, international cooperation against the threat of war against neocolonialism and racism. He participated in the development of the five principles of interstate relations – Pancasila, was one of the leaders of the Bandung Conference of 1955.

Heru was for the full development of Sino-Indian relations, friendship and cooperation between the Soviet Union and India, for study and use of the Soviet experience of economic and cultural development. In 1955 and 1961 he visited the Soviet Union.

As political leader and statesman Heru became a recognized national leader and entered history as "the builder of the new India." He was an original thinker, brilliant orator and publicist, who created the popular big work on the world and Indian history. In the outlook Heru, infused with the values of humanism, reflected the complex and contradictory conditions of history of India in the modern era.

With hours of: (N e hru), The Unity of India, collected writings, 1937 – 1940, L., 1941; Glimpses of world history, NY, 1942; Independence and after. A collection of speeches. 1946 – 1949, NY, 1950; J. Nehru's speeches, 1949 – 1953, Delhi. 1954; J. Nehru's speeches, v. 1 – 5, Delhi, 1957 – 68; Selected works, v. 1-5, [New Delhi], 1972 – 73, in Russian. per .- India's Foreign Policy. Fav. Speeches and statements, 1946 – 1964, M., 1965, Autobiography, M., 1955, Discovery of India, M., 1955. Lit.: Alignment of Jawaharlal Nehru, M.. 1973.

Frankfurt (Oder) and University of Göttingen thoroughly studied law, politics and history. Devoted to science, he, however, with rapt attention watching the movement in the spheres of political, social and literary.

In 1789 he, along with their teacher, the famous Campo, traveled to Paris, to attend the funeral of French despotism. " Later, he responded to a question posed then the history of mutual relations between the state and person, in the book "Ideen zu einern Versuch, die Grenzen der Wirksamkeit des Staats zu bestimmen".

He is the champion here for complete individual freedom and restricts the role of government concern about external security. This book is so at odds with traditional notions that censorship did not permit its publication, and it appeared in print only in 1851

Even more than the political issues that interest him new directions in literature, and philosophy. Already in 1790 in Weimar he started strong, never broke with Schiller, and later established friendly relations between him and the Goethe. And so, with another Humboldt was in active correspondence, which was published under the title: "Briefwechsel zwischen Schiller und W. v. H." (Stuttgart, 1876) and "Goethes Briefwechsel mit den Gebruedern von H., 1795 – 1832" (Lpts., 1876).

Early in the acquisition of reputation universally educated person made him a prominent member of the literary salons of the time. It appears that in Berlin, in a circle of Henriette Herz, Rachel Levin and others, in Erfurt and Weimar, then in Jena (1794 – 97), in constant contact with the circle of Schiller.

Since then, he married (1791) at Dahereden Carolina, his house became one of the most brilliant salons, where all that was in Europe, smart, talented and famous. The wife of Humboldt was one of the most enlightened and most intelligent women of her time and provided the greatest assistance to her husband even in his scholarly work. And in philosophical circles Humboldt had extensive contacts with especially close he was to the Kantian Jacobi.

Store your observations and experiences Humboldt found its not only from books and living communion with luminaries of the spiritual culture, but also from travel. He was often in France, Switzerland and Spain, and quite long lived in Rome. Very remarkable his work on various branches of classical philology, and especially a completely new way while still comparative linguistics.

Especially important are his studies on the language of the Spanish Basque country ("Prufung der Untersuchungen uber dieUrbewohner Hispaniens, vermittelst der baskischen Sprache", etc.) and language of the inhabitants of Java ("Ueber die Kawisprache auf der Insel Java"). In these papers, Humboldt is not limited to the dry study of the material: he always tried to philosophical generalizations.

From that point of view is especially remarkable article that serves as an introduction to the study of the Javanese ("Ueber die Verschiedenheit des menschilchen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluss auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts"). When, after the defeat of Jena, in Prussia felt the need for fresh forces and energetic leader for the field of both domestic and foreign policy, between the new people moved and Humboldt, from 1808 to 1819, he held important posts.

For the first time more or less prominent position in the service Humboldt received another in 1802, being appointed a resident at the papal court. Reluctantly, he left this post interesting for him to take the Ministry gr. Don position of director of the Department of Education and creeds. Under his influence and leadership is based Berlin University (1810), and he called to his aid such large force, as Fichte, Schleiermacher Niebuhr, Fr. Wolf and others

Without waiting for the opening of the University of Humboldt, who had a lot of envy in the capital, suddenly left Berlin and went further in his diplomatic career, having ambassadorial post in Vienna, where he began to work towards an alliance between Austria and Prussia against France. He is a representative of Prussia at the Prague Congress (1813), failure of which he was happy as a zealous patriot, admits of no deals with Napoleon.

In 1814He, along with Hardenberg, his personal enemy, represented Prussia in Paris, and then the same role with the same companion sang at the Vienna Congress, and was an ardent supporter of the unification of Germany. In 1817, he was trying to become ambassador in Paris, the court, but his nomination was withdrawn at the insistence of Louis XVIII century. As Humboldt was too bright representative of the party hostile to France.

In domestic policy, he firmly held to the principles of a well-known converter of Prussia, Stein's why a clever and influential Hardenberg tried to keep away from Berlin's Humboldt and not give him any significant position of public administration.

In 1819, Humboldt was made champion constitutional in Prussia, and he was able to be appointed to carry out this reform, Minister of Interior. But soon, thanks to Carlsbad regulations, policies Prussia has undoubtedly reactionary trend, against which Humboldt is useless to protest, Hardenberg armed against Humboldt, and he, having been Minister for 4 months and nothing having to do has been dismissed. Then again, in 1823, his friends tried to hold him to the post of first minister, but at Humboldt in the ruling circles were few supporters of a man is definitely liberal.

He refused the proposed pensions, forever joined practical politics until his death (1835) has lived without a break in his hereditary castle Tegel (near Berlin), in-depth in their favorite activities. His collected works was published in Berlin in 1841 – 52 years.

For his performance as a man, a very important addition to the said correspondence with Schiller and Goethe, published his letters to Charlotte Dide ("W. v. Hs Briefe an eine Freundin") and Kerner ("Briefe an Chr. Gottfr. Korner" ).

The main work of the identity and significance of Humboldt – book Haym (Knauth, "W. at. N." Berl., 1856). Public and full biorpafiya Humboldt attached to the book by Elisa Meyer (Elisa Maier, "W. v. H. Lichtstrahlen ans seinen Briefen")

Cit.: Der Mensch und die Technik. Beitrag zu einer Philosophic des Lebens, Munch., 1931; Reden und Aufsatze, [3 Aufl.l, Munch., [1951]; Urfragen. Fragmente aus dem Nachlass, Munch., 1965, in Russian. per .- Philosophy future, Ivanovo 1922; Prussianism and socialism, P., 1922; pessimism it?, M., 1922. Lit.: V. Lazarev, H., Oswald Spengler and his views on art, M., 1922, Oswald Spengler and the decline in Europe, M., 1922, Davydov, Yu H., Art and the elite, M., 1966, . 251 – 77; Averintsev S., "Morphology of culture" O. Spengler, "Problems of Literature", 1968, № 1, Asmus, VF, Marx and bourgeois historicism, in his book.: Fav. Sc. Proceedings, v. 2, M., 1,971; Hughes HS, Oswald Spengler. A critical estimate, NY, [1962]; Spengler-Studien. Festfabe fur M. Schroter zum 85. Geburtstag, rsg. v. AM Koktanek, Munch., 1965.